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Final regulations clarify the definition of "real property" that qualifies for a like-kind exchange, including incidental personal property. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97), like-kind exchanges occurring after 2017 are limited to real property used in a trade or business or for investment.

Final regulations clarify the definition of "real property" that qualifies for a like-kind exchange, including incidental personal property. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97), like-kind exchanges occurring after 2017 are limited to real property used in a trade or business or for investment.

The final regulations largely adopt regulations that were proposed in June ( NPRM REG-117589-18). However, they also:

• add a " state or local law" test to define real property; and
• reject the “purpose and use” test in the proposed regulations.

In addition, the final regulations classify cooperative housing corporation stock and land development rights as real property. The final regulations also provide that a license, permit, or other similar right is generally real property if it is (i) solely for the use, enjoyment, or occupation of land or an inherently permanent structure; and (ii) in the nature of a leasehold, an easement, or a similar right.

General Definition
Under the final regulations, property is classified as "real property" for like-kind exchange purposes if, on the date it is transferred in the exchange, the property is real property under the law of the state or local jurisdiction in which it is located. The proposed regulations had limited this “state or local law” test to shares in a mutual ditch, reservoir, or irrigation company.

However, the final regulations also clarify that real property that was ineligible for a like-kind exchange before the TCJA remains ineligible. For example, intangible assets that could not be like-kind property before the TCJA (such as stocks, securities, and partnership interests) remain ineligible regardless of how they are characterized under state or local law.

Accordingly, under the final regulations, property is real property if it is:

• classified as real property under state or local law;
• specifically listed as real property in the final regulations; or
• considered real property based on all of the facts and circumstances, under factors provided in the regulations.

These tests mean that property that is not real property under state or local law might still be real property for like-kind exchange purposes if it satisfies the second or third test.

Types of Real Property
Under both the proposed and final regulations, real property for a like-kind exchange is:

• land and improvements to land;
• unsevered crops and other natural products of land; and
• water and air space superjacent to land.

Under both the proposed and final regulations, improvements to land include inherently permanent structures, and the structural components of inherently permanent structures. Each distinct asset must be analyzed separately to determine if it is land, an inherently permanent structure, or a structural component of an inherently permanent structure. The regulations identify several specific items, assets and systems as distinct assets, and provide factors for identifying other distinct assets.

The final regulations also:

• incorporate the language provided in Reg. §1.856-10(d)(2)(i) to provide additional clarity regarding the meaning of "permanently affixed;"
• modify the example in the proposed regulations concerning offshore drilling platforms; and
• clarify that the distinct asset rule applies only to determine whether property is real property, but does not affect the application of the three-property rule for identifying properties in a deferred exchange.

"Purpose or Use" Test
The proposed regulations would have imposed a "purpose or use" test on both tangible and intangible property. Under this test, neither tangible nor intangible property was real property if it contributed to the production of income unrelated to the use or occupancy of space.

The final regulations eliminate the purpose and use test for both tangible and intangible property. Consequently, tangible property is generally an inherently permanent structure—and, thus, real property—if it is permanently affixed to real property and will ordinarily remain affixed for an indefinite period of time. A structural component likewise is real property if it is integrated into an inherently permanent structure. Accordingly, items of machinery and equipment are real property if they comprise an inherently permanent structure or a structural component, or if they are real property under the state or local law test—irrespective of the purpose or use of the items or whether they contribute to the production of income.

Similarly, whether intangible property produces or contributes to the production of income is not considered in determining whether intangible property is real property for like-kind exchange purposes. However, the purpose of the intangible property remains relevant to the determination of whether the property is real property.

Incidental Personal Property
The incidental property rule in the proposed regulations provided that, for exchanges involving a qualified intermediary, personal property that is incidental to replacement real property (incidental personal property) is disregarded in determining whether a taxpayer’s rights to receive, pledge, borrow, or otherwise obtain the benefits of money or non-like-kind property held by the qualified intermediary are expressly limited as provided in Reg. §1.1031(k)-1(g)(6).

Personal property is incidental to real property acquired in an exchange if (i) in standard commercial transactions, the personal property is typically transferred together with the real property, and (ii) the aggregate fair market value of the incidental personal property transferred with the real property does not exceed 15 percent of the aggregate fair market value of the replacement real property (15-percent limitation).

This final regulations adopt these rules with some minor modifications to improve clarity and readability. For example, the final regulations clarify that the receipt of incidental personal property results in taxable gain; and the 15-percent limitation compares the value of all of the incidental properties to the value of all of the replacement real properties acquired in the same exchange.

Effective Dates
The final regulations apply to exchanges beginning after the date they are published as final in the Federal Register. However, a taxpayer may also rely on the proposed regulations published in the Federal Register on June 12, 2020, if followed consistently and in their entirety, for exchanges of real property beginning after December 31, 2017, and before the publication date of the final regulations. In addition, conforming changes to the bonus depreciation rules apply to tax years beginning after the final regulations are published.

The IRS has released rulings concerning deductions for eligible Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan expenses.

The IRS has released rulings concerning deductions for eligible Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan expenses. The rulings:

• deny a deduction if the taxpayer has not yet applied for PPP loan forgiveness, but expects the loan to be forgiven; and
• provide a safe harbor for deducting expenses if PPP loan forgiveness is denied or the taxpayer does not apply for forgiveness.

Background
In response to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) crisis, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) expanded Section 7(a) of the Small Business Act for certain loans made from February 15, 2020, through August 8, 2020 (PPP loans). An eligible PPP loan recipient may have the debt on a covered loan forgiven, and the cancelled debt will be excluded from gross income. To prevent double tax benefits, under Reg. §1.265-1, taxpayers cannot deduct expenses allocable to income that is either wholly excluded from gross income or wholly exempt from tax.

The IRS previously determined that businesses whose PPP loans are forgiven cannot deduct business expenses paid for by the loan ( Notice 2020-32, I.R.B. 2020-21, 837). The new guidance expands on the previous guidance, but provides a safe harbor for taxpayers whose loans are not forgiven.

No Business Deduction
In Rev. Rul. 2020-27, the IRS amplifies guidance in Notice 2020-32. A taxpayer that received a covered PPP loan and paid or incurred certain otherwise deductible expenses may not deduct those expenses in the tax year in which the expenses were paid or incurred if, at the end of the tax year, the taxpayer reasonably expects to receive forgiveness of the covered loan on the basis of the expenses it paid or accrued during the covered period. This is the case even if the taxpayer has not applied for forgiveness by the end of the tax year.

Safe Harbor
In Rev. Proc. 2020-51, the IRS provides a safe harbor allowing taxpayers to claim a deduction in the tax year beginning or ending in 2020 for certain otherwise deductible eligible expenses if:

• the eligible expenses are paid or incurred during the taxpayer’s 2020 tax year;
• the taxpayer receives a PPP covered loan that, at the end of the taxpayer’s 2020 tax year, the taxpayer expects to be forgiven in a subsequent tax year; and
• in a subsequent tax year, the taxpayer’s request for forgiveness of the covered loan is denied, in whole or in part, or the taxpayer decides never to request forgiveness of the covered loan.

A taxpayer may be able to deduct some or all of the eligible expenses on, as applicable:

• a timely (including extensions) original income tax return or information return for the 2020 tax year;
• an amended return or an administrative adjustment request (AAR) under Code Sec. 6227 for the 2020 tax year; or
• a timely (including extensions) original income tax return or information return for the subsequent tax year.

Applying Safe Harbor
To apply the safe harbor, a taxpayer attaches a statement titled "Revenue Procedure 2020-51 Statement" to the return on which the taxpayer deducts the expenses. The statement must include:

• the taxpayer’s name, address, and social security number or employer identification number;
• a statement specifying whether the taxpayer is an eligible taxpayer under either section 3.01 or section 3.02 of Revenue Procedure 2020-51;
• a statement that the taxpayer is applying section 4.01 or section 4.02 of Revenue Procedure 2020-51;
• the amount and date of disbursement of the taxpayer’s covered PPP loan;
• the total amount of covered loan forgiveness that the taxpayer was denied or decided to no longer seek;
• the date the taxpayer was denied or decided to no longer seek covered loan forgiveness; and
• the total amount of eligible expenses and non-deducted eligible expenses that are reported on the return.

The IRS has issued final regulations under Code Sec. 274 relating to the elimination of the employer deduction of for transportation and commuting fringe benefits by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( P.L. 115-97), effective for amounts paid or incurred after December 31, 2017. The final regulations address the disallowance of a deduction for the expense of any qualified transportation fringe (QTF) provided to an employee of the taxpayer. Guidance and methodologies are provided to determine the amount of QTF parking expenses that is nondeductible. The final regulations also address the disallowance of the deduction for expenses of transportation and commuting between an employee’s residence and place of employment.

The IRS has issued final regulations under Code Sec. 274 relating to the elimination of the employer deduction of for transportation and commuting fringe benefits by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( P.L. 115-97), effective for amounts paid or incurred after December 31, 2017. The final regulations address the disallowance of a deduction for the expense of any qualified transportation fringe (QTF) provided to an employee of the taxpayer. Guidance and methodologies are provided to determine the amount of QTF parking expenses that is nondeductible. The final regulations also address the disallowance of the deduction for expenses of transportation and commuting between an employee’s residence and place of employment.

The final regulations adopt earlier proposed regulations with a few minor modifications in response to public comments ( REG-119307-19). Pending issuance of these final regulations, taxpayers had been allowed to apply to proposed regulations or guidance issued in Notice 2018-99, I.R.B. 2018-52, 1067. Notice 2018-99 is obsoleted on the publication date of the final regulations.

The final regulations clarify an exception for parking spaces made available to the general public to provide that parking spaces used to park vehicles owned by members of the general public while the vehicle awaits repair or service are treated as provided to the general public.

The category of parking spaces for inventory or which are otherwise unusable by employees is clarified to provide that such spaces may also not be usable by the general public. In addition, taxpayers will be allowed to use any reasonable method to determine the number of inventory/unusable spaces in a parking facility.

The definition of "peak demand period" for purposes of determining the primary use of a parking facility is modified to cover situations where a taxpayer is affected by a federally declared disaster.

The final regulations also provide that taxpayers using the cost per parking space methodology for determining the disallowance for parking facilities may calculate the cost per space on a monthly basis.

Effective Date
The final regulations apply to tax years beginning on or after the date of publication in the Federal Register. However, taxpayers can choose to apply the regulations to tax years ending after December 31, 2019.

As part of a series of reminders, the IRS has urged taxpayers get ready for the upcoming tax filing season. A special page ( https://www.irs.gov/individuals/steps-to-take-now-to-get-a-jump-on-next-years-taxes), updated and available on the IRS website, outlines steps taxpayers can take now to make tax filing easier in 2021.

As part of a series of reminders, the IRS has urged taxpayers get ready for the upcoming tax filing season. A special page ( https://www.irs.gov/individuals/steps-to-take-now-to-get-a-jump-on-next-years-taxes), updated and available on the IRS website, outlines steps taxpayers can take now to make tax filing easier in 2021.

Taxpayers receiving substantial amounts of non-wage income like self-employment income, investment income, taxable Social Security benefits and, in some instances, pension and annuity income, should make quarterly estimated tax payments. The last payment for 2020 is due on January 15, 2021. Payment options can be found at IRS.gov/payments. For more information, the IRS encourages taxpayers to review Pub. 5348, Get Ready to File, and Pub. 5349, Year-Round Tax Planning is for Everyone.

Income
Most income is taxable, so taxpayers should gather income documents such as Forms W-2 from employers, Forms 1099 from banks and other payers, and records of virtual currencies or other income. Other income includes unemployment income, refund interest and income from the gig economy.

Forms and Notices
Beginning in 2020, individuals may receive Form 1099-NEC, Nonemployee Compensation, rather than Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income, if they performed certain services for and received payments from a business. The IRS recommends reviewing the Instructions for Form 1099-MISC and Form 1099-NEC to ensure clients are filing the appropriate form and are aware of this change.

Taxpayers may also need Notice 1444, Economic Impact Payment, which shows how much of a payment they received in 2020. This amount is needed to calculate any Recovery Rebate Credit they may be eligible for when they file their federal income tax return in 2021. People who did not receive an Economic Impact Payment in 2020 may qualify for the Recovery Rebate Credit when they file their 2020 taxes in 2021.

Additional Information
To see information from the most recently filed tax return and recent payments, taxpayers can sign up to view account information online. Taxpayers should notify the IRS of address changes and notify the Social Security Administration of a legal name change to avoid delays in tax return processing.

This year marks the 5th Annual National Tax Security Awareness Week-a collaboration by the IRS, state tax agencies and the tax industry. The IRS and the Security Summit partners have issued warnings to all taxpayers and tax professionals to beware of scams and identity theft schemes by criminals taking advantage of the combination of holiday shopping, the approaching tax season and coronavirus concerns. The 5th Annual National Tax Security Awareness Week coincided with Cyber Monday, the traditional start of the online holiday shopping season.

This year marks the 5th Annual National Tax Security Awareness Week-a collaboration by the IRS, state tax agencies and the tax industry. The IRS and the Security Summit partners have issued warnings to all taxpayers and tax professionals to beware of scams and identity theft schemes by criminals taking advantage of the combination of holiday shopping, the approaching tax season and coronavirus concerns. The 5th Annual National Tax Security Awareness Week coincided with Cyber Monday, the traditional start of the online holiday shopping season.

The following are a few basic steps which taxpayers and tax professionals should remember during the holidays and as the 2021 tax season approaches:

• use an updated security software for computers and mobile phones;
• the purchased anti-virus software must have a feature to stop malware and a firewall that can prevent intrusions;
• don't open links or attachments on suspicious emails because this year, fraud scams related to COVID-19 and the Economic Impact Payment are common;
• use strong and unique passwords for online accounts;
• use multi-factor authentication whenever possible which prevents thieves from easily hacking accounts;
• shop at sites where the web address begins with "https" and look for the "padlock" icon in the browser window;
• don't shop on unsecured public Wi-Fi in places like a mall;
• secure home Wi-Fis with a password;
• back up files on computers and mobile phones; and
• consider creating a virtual private network to securely connect to your workplace if working from home.

In addition, taxpayers can check out security recommendations for their specific mobile phone by reviewing the Federal Communications Commission's Smartphone Security Checker. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has issued warnings about fraud and scams related to COVID-19 schemes, anti-body testing, healthcare fraud, cryptocurrency fraud and others. COVID-related fraud complaints can be filed at the National Center for Disaster Fraud. Moreover, the Federal Trade Commission also has issued alerts about fraudulent emails claiming to be from the Centers for Disease Control or the World Health Organization. Taxpayers can keep atop the latest scam information and report COVID-related scams at www.FTC.gov/coronavirus.

The IRS has issued proposed regulations for the centralized partnership audit regime...

NPRM REG-123652-18

The IRS has issued proposed regulations for the centralized partnership audit regime that:

• clarify that a partnership with a QSub partner is not eligible to elect out of the centralized audit regime;
• add three new types of “special enforcement matters” and modify existing rules;
• modify existing guidance and regulations on push out elections and imputed adjustments; and
• clarify rules on partnerships that cease to exist.

The regulations are generally proposed to apply to partnership tax years ending after November 20, 2020, and to examinations and investigations beginning after the date the regs are finalized. However, the new special enforcement matters category for partnership-related items underlying non-partnership-related items is proposed to apply to partnership tax years beginning after December 20, 2018. In addition, the IRS and a partner could agree to apply any part of the proposed regulations governing special enforcement matters to any tax year of the partner that corresponds to a partnership tax year that is subject to the centralized partnership audit regime.

Centralized Audit Regime
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 ( P.L. 114-74) replaced the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) ( P.L. 97-248) partnership procedures with a centralized partnership audit regime for making partnership adjustments and tax determinations, assessments and collections at the partnership level. These changes were further amended by the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 (PATH Act) ( P.L. 114-113), and the Tax Technical Corrections Act of 2018 (TTCA) ( P.L. 115-141). The centralized audit regime, as amended, generally applies to returns filed for partnership tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

Election Out
A partnership with no more than 100 partners may generally elect out of the centralized audit regime if all of the partners are eligible partners. As predicted in Notice 2019-06, I.R.B. 2019-03, 353, the proposed regulations would provide that a qualified subchapter S subsidiary (QSub) is not an eligible partner; thus, a partnership with a QSub partner could not elect out of the centralized audit regime.

Special Enforcement Matters
The IRS may exempt “special enforcement matters” from the centralized audit regime. There are currently six categories of special enforcement matters:

• failures to comply with the requirements for a partnership-partner or S corporation partner to furnish statements or compute and pay an imputed underpayment;
• assessments relating to termination assessments of income tax or jeopardy assessments of income, estate, gift, and certain excise taxes;
• criminal investigations;
• indirect methods of proof of income;
• foreign partners or partnerships;
• other matters identified in IRS regulations.

The proposed regs would add three new types of special enforcement matters:

• partnership-related items underlying non-partnership-related items;
• controlled partnerships and extensions of the partner’s period of limitations; and
• penalties and taxes imposed on the partnership under chapter 1.

The proposed regs would also require the IRS to provide written notice of most special enforcement matters to taxpayers to whom the adjustments are being made.

The proposed regs would clarify that the IRS could adjust partnership-level items for a partner or indirect partner without regard to the centralized audit regime if the adjustment relates to termination and jeopardy assessments, if the partner is under criminal investigation, or if the adjustment is based on an indirect method of proof of income.

However, the proposed regs would also provide that the special enforcement matter rules would not apply to the extent the partner could demonstrate that adjustments to partnership-related items in the deficiency or an adjustment by the IRS were:

• previously taken into account under the centralized audit regime by the person being examined; or
• included in an imputed underpayment paid by a partnership (or pass-through partner) for any tax year in which the partner was a reviewed year partner or indirect partner, but only if the amount included in the deficiency or adjustment exceeds the amount reported by the partnership to the partner that was either reported by the partner or indirect partner or is otherwise included in the deficiency or adjustment determined by the IRS.

Push Out Election, Imputed Underpayments
The partnership adjustment rules generally do not apply to a partnership that makes a "push out" election to push the adjustment out to the partners. However, the partnership must pay any chapter 1 taxes, penalties, additions to tax, and additional amounts or the amount of any adjustment to an imputed underpayment. Thus, there must be a mechanism for including these amounts in the imputed underpayment and accounting for these amounts.

In calculating an imputed underpayment, the proposed regs would generally include any adjustments to the partnership’s chapter 1 liabilities in the credit grouping and treat them similarly to credit adjustments. Adjustments that do not result in an imputed underpayment generally could increase or decrease non-separately stated income or loss, as appropriate, depending on whether the adjustment is to an item of income or loss. The proposed regs would also treat a decrease in a chapter 1 liability as a negative adjustment that normally does not result in an imputed underpayment if: (1) the net negative adjustment is to a credit, unless the IRS determines to have it offset the imputed underpayment; or (2) the imputed underpayment is zero or less than zero.

Under existing regs for calculating an imputed underpayment, an adjustment to a non-income item that is related to, or results from, an adjustment to an item of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit is generally treated as zero, unless the IRS determines that the adjustment should be included in the imputed underpayment. The proposed regs would clarify this rule and extend it to persons other than the IRS. Thus, a partnership that files an administrative adjustment request (AAR) could treat an adjustment to a non-income item as zero if the adjustment is related to, and the effect is reflected in, an adjustment to an item of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit (unless the IRS subsequently determines in an AAR examination that both adjustments should be included in the calculation of the imputed underpayment).

A partnership would take into account adjustments to non-income items in the adjustment year by adjusting the item on its adjustment year return to be consistent with the adjustment. This would apply only to the extent the item would appear on the adjustment year return without regard to the adjustment. If the item already appeared on the partnership’s adjustment year return as a non-income item, or appeared as a non-income item on any return of the partnership for a tax year between the reviewed year and the adjustment year, the partnership does not create a new item on the partnership’s adjustment year return.

A passthrough partner that is paying an amount as part of an amended return submitted as part of a request to modify an imputed underpayment would take into account any adjustments that do not result in an imputed underpayment in the partners’ tax year that includes the date the payment is made. This provision, however, would not apply if no payment is made by the partnership because no payment is required.

Partnership Ceases to Exist
If a partnership ceases to exist before the partnership adjustments take effect, the adjustments are taken into account by the former partners of the partnership. The IRS may assess a former partner for that partner’s proportionate share of any amounts owed by the partnership under the centralized partnership audit regime. The proposed regs would clarify that a partnership adjustment takes effect when the adjustments become finally determined; that is, when the partnership and IRS enter into a settlement agreement regarding the adjustment; or, for adjustments reflected in an AAR, when the AAR is filed. The proposed regs would also make conforming changes to existing regs:

• A partnership ceases to exist if the IRS determines that the partnership does not have the ability to pay in full any amount that the partnership may become liable for under the centralized partnership audit regime.
• Existing regs that describe when the IRS will not determine that a partnership ceases to exist would be removed.
• Statements must be furnished to the former partners and filed with the IRS no later than 60 days after the later of the date the IRS notifies the partnership that it has ceased to exist or the date the adjustments take effect.

The proposed regs would also modify the definition of "former partners" to be partners of the partnership during the last tax year for which a partnership return or AAR was filed, or the most recent persons determined to be the partners in a final determination, such as a final court decision, defaulted notice of final partnership adjustment (FPA), or settlement agreement.

Comments Requested
Comments are requested on all aspects of the proposed regulations by January 22, 2021. The IRS strongly encourages commenters to submit comments electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov (indicate IRS and REG-123652-18). Comments submitted on paper will be considered to the extent practicable.

The IRS has issued final regulations with guidance on how a tax-exempt organization can determine whether it has more than one unrelated trade or business, how it should identify its separate trades and businesses, and how to separately calculate unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) for each trade or business – often referred to as "silo" rules. Since 2018, under provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), the loss from one unrelated trade or business may not offset the income from another, separate trade or business. Congress did not provide detailed methods of determining when unrelated businesses are "separate" for purposes of calculating UBTI.

The IRS has issued final regulations with guidance on how a tax-exempt organization can determine whether it has more than one unrelated trade or business, how it should identify its separate trades and businesses, and how to separately calculate unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) for each trade or business – often referred to as "silo" rules. Since 2018, under provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), the loss from one unrelated trade or business may not offset the income from another, separate trade or business. Congress did not provide detailed methods of determining when unrelated businesses are "separate" for purposes of calculating UBTI.

On April 24, 2020, the IRS published a notice of proposed rulemaking ( REG-106864-18) that proposed guidance on how an exempt organization determines if it has more than one unrelated trade or business and, if so, how the exempt organization calculates UBTI under Code Sec. 512(a)(6). The final regulations substantially adopt the proposed regulations issued earlier this year, with modifications.

Separate Trades or Businesses
The proposed regulations suggested using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) six-digit codes for determining what constitutes separate trades or businesses. Notice 2018-67, I.R.B. 2018-36, 409, permitted tax-exempt organizations to rely on these codes. The first two digits of the code designate the economic sector of the business. The proposed guidance provided that organizations could make that determination using just the first two digits of the code, which divides businesses into 20 categories, for this purpose.

The proposed regulations provided that, once an organization has identified a separate unrelated trade or business using a particular NAICS two-digit code, the it could only change the two-digit code describing that separate unrelated trade or business if two specific requirements were met. The final regulations remove the restriction on changing NAICS two-digit codes, and instead require an exempt organization that changes the identification of a separate unrelated trade or business to report the change in the tax year of the change in accordance with forms and instructions.

QPIs
For exempt organizations, the activities of a partnership are generally considered the activities of the exempt organization partners. Code Sec. 512(c) provides that if a trade or business regularly carried on by a partnership of which an exempt organization is a member is an unrelated trade or business with respect to such organization, that organization must include its share of the gross income of the partnership in UBTI.

The proposed regulations provided that an exempt organization’s partnership interest is a "qualifying partnership interest" (QPI) if it meets the requirements of the de minimis test by directly or indirectly holding no more than two percent of the profits interest and no more than two percent of the capital interest. For administrative convenience, the de minimis test allows certain partnership investments to be treated as an investment activity and aggregated with other investment activities. Additionally, the proposed regulations permitted the aggregation of any QPI with all other QPIs, resulting in an aggregate group of QPIs.

Once an organization designates a partnership interest as a QPI (in accordance with forms and instructions), it cannot thereafter identify the trades or businesses conducted by the partnership that are unrelated trades or businesses with respect to the exempt organization using NAICS two-digit codes unless and until the partnership interest is no longer a QPI.

A change in an exempt organization’s percentage interest in a partnership that is due entirely to the actions of other partners may present significant difficulties for the exempt organization. Requiring the interest to be removed from the exempt organization’s investment activities in one year but potentially included as a QPI in the next would create further administrative difficulty. Therefore, the final regulations adopt a grace period that permits a partnership interest to be treated as meeting the requirements of the de minimis test or the participation test, respectively, in the exempt organization’s prior tax year if certain requirements are met. This grace period will allow an exempt organization to treat such interest as a QPI in the tax year that such change occurs, but the organization will need to reduce its percentage interest before the end of the following tax year to meet the requirements of either the de minimis test or the participation test in that succeeding tax year for the partnership interest to remain a QPI.

The IRS has modified Rev. Proc. 2007-32, I.R.B. 2007-22, 1322, to provide that the term of a Gaming Industry Tip Compliance Agreement (GITCA) is generally five years, and the renewal term of a GITCA is extended from three years to a term of up to five years. A GITCA executed under Rev. Proc. 2003-35, 2003-1 CB 919 and Rev. Proc. 2007-32 will remain in effect until the expiration date set forth in that agreement, unless modified by the renewal of a GITCA under section 4.04 of Rev. Proc. 2007-32 (as modified by section 3 of this revenue procedure).

The IRS has modified Rev. Proc. 2007-32, I.R.B. 2007-22, 1322, to provide that the term of a Gaming Industry Tip Compliance Agreement (GITCA) is generally five years, and the renewal term of a GITCA is extended from three years to a term of up to five years. A GITCA executed under Rev. Proc. 2003-35, 2003-1 CB 919 and Rev. Proc. 2007-32 will remain in effect until the expiration date set forth in that agreement, unless modified by the renewal of a GITCA under section 4.04 of Rev. Proc. 2007-32 (as modified by section 3 of this revenue procedure).

The modified provisions generally provide as follows:

• In general, a GITCA shall be for a term of five years. For new properties and properties that do not have a prior agreement with the IRS, however, the initial term of the agreement may be for a shorter period.
• A GITCA may be renewed for additional terms of up to five years, in accordance with Section IX of the model GITCA. Beginning not later than six months before the termination date of a GITCA, the IRS and the employer must begin discussions as to any appropriate revisions to the agreement, including any appropriate revisions to the tip rates described in Section VIII of the model GITCA. If the IRS and the employer have not reached final agreement on the terms and conditions of a renewal agreement, the parties may mutually agree to extend the existing agreement for an appropriate time to finalize and execute a renewal agreement.

Effective Date
This revenue procedure is effective November 23, 2020.

Final regulations issued by the Treasury and IRS coordinate the extraordinary disposition rule that applies with respect to the Code Sec. 245A dividends received deduction and the disqualified basis rule under the Code Sec. 951A global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) regime. Information reporting rules are also finalized.

Final regulations issued by the Treasury and IRS coordinate the extraordinary disposition rule that applies with respect to the Code Sec. 245A dividends received deduction and the disqualified basis rule under the Code Sec. 951A global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) regime. Information reporting rules are also finalized.

Extraordinary Disposition Rule and GILTI Disqualified Basis Rule
The extraordinary disposition rule (EDR) in Reg. §1.245A-5 and the GILTI disqualified basis rule (DBR) in Reg. §1.951A-2(c)(5) both address the disqualified period that results from the differences between dates for which the transition tax under Code Sec. 965 and the GILTI rules apply. GILTI applies to calendar year controlled foreign corporations (CFCs) on January 1, 2018. A fiscal year CFC may have a period from January 1, 2018, until the beginning of its first tax year in 2018 (the disqualified period) in which it can generate income subject to neither the transition tax under Code Sec. 965 nor GILTI.

The extraordinary disposition rule limits the ability to claim the Code Sec. 245A deduction for certain earnings and profits generated during the disqualified period. Specifically, Reg. §1.245A-5 provides that the deduction is limited for dividends paid out of an extraordinary disposition account. Final regulations issued under GILTI address fair market basis generated as a result of assets transferred to related CFCs during the disqualified period (disqualified basis). Reg. §1.951A-2(c)(5) allocates deductions or losses attributable to disqualified basis to residual CFC income, such as income other than tested income, subpart F income, or effectively connected taxable income. As a result, the deductions or losses will not reduce the CFC’s income subject to U.S. tax.

Coordination Rules
The coordination rules are necessary to prevent excess taxation of a Code Sec. 245A shareholder. Excess taxation can occur because the earnings and profits subject to the extraordinary disposition rule and the basis to which the disqualified basis rule applies are generally a function of a single amount of gain.

Under the coordination rules, to the extent that the Code Sec. 245A deduction is limited with respect to distributions out of an extraordinary disposition account, a corresponding amount of disqualified basis attributable to the property that generated that extraordinary disposition account through an extraordinary disposition is converted to basis that is not subject to the disqualified basis rule. The rule is referred to as the disqualified basis (DQB) reduction rule.

A prior extraordinary disposition amount is also covered under this rule. A prior extraordinary disposition amount generally represents the extraordinary disposition of earnings and profits that have become subject to U.S. tax as to a Code Sec. 245A shareholder other than by direct application of the extraordinary disposition rule (e.g., inclusions as a result of investment in U.S. property under Code Sec. 956).

Separate coordination rules are provided, depending upon whether the application of the rule is in a simple or complex case.

Reporting Requirements
Every U.S. shareholder of a CFC that holds an item of property that has disqualified basis during an annual accounting period and files Form 5471 for that period must report information about the items of property with disqualified basis held by the CFC during the CFC’s accounting period, as required by Form 5471 and its instructions.

Additionally, information must be reported about the reduction to an extraordinary disposition account made pursuant to the regulations and reductions made to an item of specified property’s disqualified basis pursuant to the regulations during the corporation’s accounting period, as required by Form 5471 and its instructions.

Applicability Dates
The regulations apply to tax years of foreign corporations beginning on or after the date the regulations are published in the Federal Register, and to tax years of Code Sec. 245A shareholders in which or with which such tax years end. Taxpayers may choose to apply the regulations to years before the regulations apply.

Instead of getting a paper check, you may want to have your refund deposited directly into your bank account or other financial account. Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ have a line for designating direct deposit of your refund, right after the line showing the amount of your refund.

If you choose direct deposit, for the first time starting this year, you can split your refund deposit among two or three accounts. To split the refund, you must submit Form 8888, Direct Deposit of Refund to More Than One Account, with your return. You must identify the amount being deposited into each account, and the total must equal the amount on Form 1040 that is being refunded to you.

An amount may be directly deposited into a checking account, a savings account, or another account such as an individual retirement account. You must establish the account before you request direct deposit. If the account is an IRA, you must make sure that the trustee will accept direct deposit. You must also notify the IRA trustee which year the deposit will be applied to. If the deposit is for the prior year, you must verify that the deposit was made by the due date of the return (which this year is April 17).

The direct deposit accounts are shown on lines 1, 2 and 3 of Form 8888. If you owe past-due federal tax, the IRS can use your refund to offset your liability. The past-due amount will first be deducted from the direct deposit shown on line 3, then the deposit on line 2, and finally from the deposit on line 1. If the amount deducted was going into an IRA, you may need to correct your IRA contribution and change your return.

Only 50 percent of the cost of meals is generally deductible. A meal deduction is customarily allowed when the meal is business related and incurred in one of two instances:

(1) while traveling away from home (a circumstance in which business duties require you to be away from the general area of your tax home for longer than an ordinary day's work); and

(2) while entertaining during which a discussion directly related to business takes place.

Entertainment expenses generally do not meet the "directly related test" when the taxpayer is not present at the activity or event. Both your meal and the meal provided to your business guest(s)' is restricted to 50 percent of the cost.

Related expenses, such as taxes, tips, and parking fees must be included in the total expenses before applying the 50-percent reduction. However, allowable deductions for transportation costs to and from a business meal are not reduced.

The 50-percent deduction limitation also applies to meals and entertainment expenses that are reimbursed under an accountable plan to a taxpayer's employees. It doesn't matter if the taxpayer reimburses the employees for 100 percent of the expenses. "Supper money" paid when an employee works late similarly may be tax free to the employee but only one-half may be deducted by the employer. The same principle applies to meals provided at an employees-only business luncheon, dinner, etc.

A special exception to the 50 percent rule applies to workers who are away from home while working under Department of Transportation regulations. For these workers, meals are 75 percent deductible in 2006 and 2007.

When a per diem allowance is paid for lodging, meal, and incidental expenses, the entire amount of the federal meals and incidental expense (M&IE) rate is treated as an expense for food or beverages subject to the percentage limitation on deducting meal and entertainment expenses. When a per diem allowance for lodging, meal, and incidental expenses for a full day of travel is less than the federal per diem rate for the locality of travel, the payer may treat 40 percent of the per diem allowance as the federal M&IE rate.

"Lavish" meals out of proportion to customary business practice are generally not deductible to the extent they are lavish. Generally, meals taken alone whentraveling generally have a lower threshold for lavishness than meals considered an entertainment expense for which a client or other business contact is "wined and dined."

The standard mileage rate may be taken in lieu of proving actual expenses such as depreciation on your automobile and the cost of gas. You must still prove that you took the trip for business and that you took it in your vehicle, whether owned or leased. The standard mileage rate applies to the actual miles driven and not simply to miles traveled.

Car travel for business is a deductible expense.  The standard mileage rate can be used to determine the deductible amount, rather than keeping track of actual expenses for using a car. An individual who owns or leases a car and has other expenses, such as gasoline, can deduct actual expenses or can take the standard mileage rate, even if the standard mileage rate is higher.

Rather than drive to a business destination, an individual can travel by rail, bus, plane or taxi. However, the standard mileage rate is not available if the individual travels by other means, rather than by motor vehicle. In this situation, the deduction is limited to reasonable expenses for the manner of travel used by the individual, which may be the actual expenses incurred. On the latter point, the Tax Court has taken this approach in the case of a businessman who traveled by charter rather than by commercial plane. The court allowed the use of first class plane fare but not the cost of the charter.

For further assistance on how to maximize your travel expense deductions, whether by automobile, jet or otherwise, please feel free to contact this office.

A: If you have the money, contributing to your IRA immediately on January 1^st or as soon thereafter as possible is the best strategy.  The #1 advantage of an IRA is that interest or other investment income earned on the account accumulates without tax each year. The sooner the money starts working at earning tax-free income, the greater the tax advantage. With a traditional IRA, that tax advantage means no tax until you finally withdraw the money at retirement or for a qualified emergency. In the case of a Roth IRA, the tax advantage comes in the form of the investment income that is never taxed.

While the earliest date to contribute to an IRA for a current year is January 1^st of that year, the latest date is 15 1/2 months later, on April 15^th of the next year when your tax return is due. (Because of the weekend-next business day rule that's April 16, 2007 for 2006 tax-year contributions.)

Although you may file for an extension to file your tax return, that extension does not extend the time you have to contribute to an IRA; April 15^th is the deadline. Another caveat: If you make a contribution after December 31^st it will be presumed to be made for the next year unless you designate it as relating back to the year just ended. Finally, until the due date for your return, you are allowed to withdraw any IRA contribution, plus earnings on that contribution.

Soon, the recently-passed Pension Protection Act of 2006 will give you another option: designating all or a portion of your tax refund for the year to be directly deposited into your IRA account. In fact, the IRS has moved quickly to provide several refund options, already announcing that new Form 8888 will be created to give all individual filers the ability to split their refunds in up to three financial accounts, such as checking, savings and retirement accounts.

In addition to knowing when to make IRA contributions, you also need to know how much you are able to contribute and whether a traditional or a Roth IRA makes more sense. For those who are already covered by a retirement plan, restrictions on contributing to deductible IRAs must be heeded. Nondeductible and "spousal" IRAs also are options to be considered. Please call our offices if you need further guidance on any of the IRA rules. They are worth using and can grow into a substantial additional nest egg for you at retirement.

Every year, Americans donate billions of dollars to charity. Many donations are in cash. Others take the form of clothing and household items. With all this money involved, it's inevitable that some abuses occur. The new Pension Protection Act cracks down on abuses by requiring that all donations of clothing and household items be in "good used condition or better."

Good used or better condition

The new law does not define good or better condition. For guidance, you can look to the standards that many charities already have in place. Many charities will not accept your donations of clothing or household items unless they are in good or better condition.

Clothing cannot be torn, soiled or stained. It must be clean and wearable. Many charities will reject a shirt with a torn collar or a jacket with a large tear in a sleeve. As one charity spokesperson summed it up, "Don't donate anything you wouldn't want to wear yourself." 

Household items include furniture, furnishings, electronics, appliances, and linens, and similar items.  Food, paintings, antiques, art, jewelry and collectibles are not household items. Household items must be in working condition. For example, a DVD player that does not work is not in good used or better condition. You can still donate it (if the charity will accept it) but you cannot claim a tax deduction. Household items, particularly furnishings and linens, must be clean and useable. 

The new law authorizes the IRS to deny a deduction for the contribution of a clothing or household item that has minimal monetary value. At the top of this list you can expect to find socks and undergarments, which have had inflated values for years.

Fair market value

You generally can deduct the fair market value of your donation. Unless your donation is new - for example, a blouse that has never been worn - its fair market value is not what you paid for it. Just like when you drive a new car off the dealer's lot, a new item loses value once you wear or use it.  Therefore, its value is less than what you paid for it.  

If you're not sure about an item's value, a reputable charity can help you determine its fair market value. Our office can also help you value your donations of used clothing and household items.

Get a receipt

Generally, you must obtain a receipt for your gift. If obtaining a receipt is impracticable, for example, you drop off clothing at a self-service donation center, you must maintain reliable written information about the contribution, such as the type and value of the property.

Charitable contributions of property of $250 or more must be substantiated by obtaining a contemporaneous written acknowledgement from the charity including an estimate of the value of the items. If your deduction for noncash contributions is greater than $500, you must attach Form 8283 to your tax return. Special rules apply if you are claiming a deduction of more than $5,000.

Exception

In some cases, the new rules about good used or better condition do not apply. The restrictions do not apply if a deduction of more than $500 is claimed for the single clothing or household item and the taxpayer includes an appraisal with his or her return.

If you have any questions about the new charitable contribution rules for donations of clothing and household items, give our office a call. The new rules apply to contributions made after August 17, 2006.

Starting in 2010, the $100,000 adjusted gross income cap for converting a traditional IRA into a Roth IRA is eliminated. All other rules continue to apply, which means that the amount converted to a Roth IRA still will be taxed as income at the individual's marginal tax rate. One exception for 2010 only: you will have a choice of recognizing the conversion income in 2010 or averaging it over 2011 and 2012.

The Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 eliminated the $100,000 adjusted gross income (AGI) ceiling for converting a traditional IRA into a Roth IRA. While this provision does not apply until 2010, now may be a good time to make plans to maximize this opportunity.

The Roth IRA has benefits that are especially useful to high-income taxpayers, yet as a group they have been denied those advantages up until now. Currently, you are allowed to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA only if your AGI does not exceed $100,000. A married taxpayer filing a separate return is prohibited from making a conversion. The amount converted is treated as distributed from the traditional IRA and, as a consequence, is included in the taxpayer's income, but the 10-percent additional tax for early withdrawals does not apply.

Significant benefits

While recognizing income sooner rather than later is usually not smart tax planning, in the case of this new opportunity to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, the math encourages it. The difference is twofold:

1. All future earnings on the account are tax free; and
2. The account can continue to grow tax free longer than a traditional IRA without being forced to be distributed gradually after reaching age 70 ½.

These can work out to be huge advantages, especially valuable to individuals with a degree of accumulated wealth who probably won't need the money in the Roth IRA account to live on during retirement.

Example. Mary's AGI in 2010 is $200,000 and she has traditional IRA balances that will have grown to $300,000. Assuming a marginal federal and local income tax of about 40 percent on the $300,000 balance, the $180,000 remaining in the account can grow tax free thereafter, with distributions tax free. Further assume that Mary is 45 years of age with a 90 year life expectancy and money conservatively doubles every 15 years. She will die with an account of $1.44 million, income tax free to her heirs. If the Roth IRA is bequeathed to someone in a younger generation with a long life expectancy, even factoring in eventual required minimum distributions, the amount that can continue to accumulate tax free in the Roth IRA can be staggering, eventually likely to reach over $10 million.

Planning strategies

Now is not too early to start planning to take advantage of the Roth IRA conversion opportunity starting in 2010. While planning to maximize the conversion will become more detailed as 2010 approaches and your assets and income for that year are more measurable, there are certain steps you can start taking now to maximize your savings.

Start a nondeductible IRA

The income limits on both kinds of IRAs have prevented higher income taxpayers from making deductible contributions to traditional IRAs or any contributions to Roth IRAs. They could always make nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA, but such contributions have a limited pay-off (no current deduction, tax on account income is deferred rather than eliminated, required minimum distributions).

While a taxpayer could avoid these problems by making nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA and then converting it to a Roth IRA, this option was not available for upper income taxpayers who would have the most to benefit from such a conversion. With the elimination of the income limit for tax years after December 31, 2009, higher income taxpayers can begin now to make nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA and then convert them to a Roth IRA in 2010. In all likelihood, there will be little to tax on the converted amount.

What's more, taxpayers with $100,000-plus AGIs should consider continue making nondeductible IRA contributions in the future and roll them over into a Roth IRA periodically. As a result, the elimination of the income limit for converting to a Roth IRA also effectively eliminates the income limit for contributing to a Roth IRA.

Example. John and Mary are a married couple with $300,000 in income. They are not eligible to contribute to a Roth IRA because their AGI exceeds the $160,000 Roth IRA eligibility limit. Beginning in 2006, the couple makes the maximum allowed nondeductible IRA contribution ($8,000 in 2006 and 2007, and $10,000 in 2008, 2009, and 2010). In 2010, their account is worth $60,000, with $46,000 of that amount representing nondeductible contributions that are not taxed upon conversion. The couple rolls over the $60,000 in their traditional IRA into a Roth IRA. They must include $14,000 in income (the amount representing their deductible contributions), which they can recognize either in 2010, or ratably in 2011 and 2012.

Assuming they have sufficient earned income each year thereafter (until reaching age 70 1/2), John and Mary can continue to make the maximum nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA and quickly roll over these funds into their Roth IRA, thereby avoiding significant taxable growth in the assets that would have to be recognized upon distribution from a traditional IRA.

Rollover 401(k) accounts

Contributions to a Section 401(k) plans cannot be rolled over directly into a Roth IRA. The lifting of the $100,000 AGI limit does not change this rule. However, they often can be rolled over into a traditional IRA and then, after 2009, converted into a Roth IRA.

Not everyone can just pull his or her balance out of a 401(k) plan. A plan amendment must permit it or, more likely, those who are changing jobs or are otherwise leaving employment can choose to roll over the balance into an IRA rather than elect to continue to have it managed in the 401(k) plan.

For money now being contributed to 401(k) plans by employees, an even better option would be for those contributions to be made to a Roth 401(k) plan. Starting in 2006, as long as the employer plan allows for it, Roth 401(k) accounts may receive employee contributions.

Gather those old IRA accounts

Many taxpayers opened IRA accounts when they were first starting out in the work world and their incomes were low enough to contribute. Over the years, many have seen those account balances grow. These accounts now may be converted into Roth IRAs starting in 2010, regardless of income.

Paying the tax

In spite of all the advantages of a Roth IRA, a conversion is advisable only if the taxpayer can readily pay the tax generated in the year of the conversion. If the tax is paid out of a distribution from the converted IRA, that amount is also taxed; and if the distribution counts as an early withdrawal, it is also subject to an additional 10-percent penalty. For those planning to convert who may not already have the funds available, saving now in a regular bank or brokerage account to cover the amount of the tax in 2010 can return an unusually high yield if it enables a Roth IRA conversion in 2010 that might not otherwise take place.

Careful planning is key

Transferring funds between retirement accounts can carry a high price tag if it is done incorrectly. For those who plan carefully, however, converting from a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA can yield very substantial after-tax rates of return. Please feel free to call our offices if you have any questions about how the 2010 conversion opportunity should fit into your overall tax and wealth-building strategy.